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Description
United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland (UK or Great Britain): The British Isles and the British Commonwealth of Nations owe much of their commercial and industrial growth to the daring and initiative of their early mariners. Although we usually think of the British Isles as comprising Great Britain and Ireland, it consists of nearly five thousand islands. The sinking of the land, which caused the British to be separated from the mainland, has resulted in a very irregular coastline. As a consequence, the rivers are deep and navigable, and there are many excellent harbors. Fish abound in the shallow waters, and British fisheries are among the richest in the world.

Within the small compass of the islands, there is a considerable variety of topography. In Northern Ireland, there are many lakes, including the largest one of the islands, Lough Neagh, and a range known as the Mourne Mountains. A large portion of the country consists of the basalt plateau of Antrim. Northern Ireland, or Ulster, as the six counties are sometimes called, is a very extensive lace and linen industry seat. In County Down and County Antrim, high-grade deposits of granite and bauxite are being exploited. Shipbuilding was a significant industry centered in the Capital of Belfast.

In Scotland, the three well-marked divisions stand out, the highlands, the southern uplands, and between these two, the central lowlands, into which four-fifths of the population is crowded. The lowlands contain the most prosperous agricultural land, as well as the coalfields. They are penetrated by three great estuaries, the Firths of Tay and forth on the east and of Clyde on the west, so the communication coastwise or overseas is everywhere accessible. Scotland has some of the largest shipbuilding yards in the world on the Firth of Clyde. Sheep and cattle are raised in large numbers since the land is not well suited to agriculture.

The Welsh cliffy upland is flanked to the north and east by small coalfields, but the most significant field lies to the south. A belt of limestone running from Bill of Portland to Tees Bay, and bearing at many points valuable iron ores, serves as a rough boundary of industrial England, for to the south and east of it, apart from the metropolis, agricultural interests predominate. Lying to the west of the limestone band is the Devon-Cornwall peninsula, where great bosses of granite and slate form the famous moors. After 700 years as a part of the English kingdom, Wales retains its individuality and is nationalistic in speech, dress, and customs. The Welsh language is Celtic, akin to the Gaelic of Ireland. It is the only speech of nearly 1/10th of the people. The Channel Islands, lying across the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, and Scilly Islands, lying southwest of Land’s End, enjoy almost complete freedom from frost and severe weather. Coal was once the most crucial resource of the nation and, because of its nearness to ports, Great Britain has exported more coal than any other nation. Near the coalfields are extensive iron and limestone deposits, making central England a great iron-manufacturing district. Lead, copper, zinc, and tin are also mined, although the tin has been primarily worked out.

Most of Britain’s wealth is derived from exports, banking, and manufacturing. The heart of the manufacturing districts is in the vicinity of the old coal and iron fields. However, the manufacturing textiles exceeds that of Iron and steel products. London is the chief shipping point, with Liverpool ranking second as a seaport. Because of the density of population, Great Britain is far from self-sufficient and must depend upon raw materials and products of other countries. This has led to the development of her worldwide commerce, a large part of which is carried on by far-flung and numerous colonies.
Except for a few brief years, when the clipper ships of the Americans took the lead, Britain’s merchant marine has led the world in tonnage and number of vessels since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. As the principal carrier of the world’s goods, she has endeavored to maintain a navy that would give her command of the seas. But agriculture is rather intensive in the countryside, with much importance placed on livestock. Many of the world’s most valuable breeds of farm animals have been developed on English farms. This is exemplified by Guernsey, Shropshire, Jersey, Hereford, Hampshire, and Plymouth.

Republic of Ireland (Eire): Across the Irish sea is the island whose namesake is borne for the sea. Ireland, except for coastal hills and mountains, the country is primarily an ill drained plain dotted with lakes and peat bogs, crossed by the sluggish Shannon. In the southwest is the beautiful Killarney Lakes region, which attracts many tourists each year. Although little of the land is suitable for large-scale agriculture, grass and fodder crops are abundant and provide stock-raising needs, which is the country's primary industry: the Shannon River, an excellent inland waterway transportation system. Shannon airport, near Limerick, is a central international airway terminal. Horse-breeding is the most famous of Irish farm industries. A prosperous tourist trade developed. Conflict once plagued the Irish state as opponents to unionism sought to unify Ireland as one republic. The war ended with British integration and Irish integration into the European Community. However, fears of further border conflict are very much alive as the British have exited the European Union and thus left the free travel arrangements that were part of the union.

C.S. Hammond & Co.

Description
United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland (UK or Great Britain): The British Isles and the British Commonwealth of Nations owe much of their commercial and industrial growth to the daring and initiative of their early mariners. Although we usually think of the British Isles as comprising Great Britain and Ireland, it consists of nearly five thousand islands. The sinking of the land, which caused the British to be separated from the mainland, has resulted in a very irregular coastline. As a consequence, the rivers are deep and navigable, and there are many excellent harbors. Fish abound in the shallow waters, and British fisheries are among the richest in the world.

Within the small compass of the islands, there is a considerable variety of topography. In Northern Ireland, there are many lakes, including the largest one of the islands, Lough Neagh, and a range known as the Mourne Mountains. A large portion of the country consists of the basalt plateau of Antrim. Northern Ireland, or Ulster, as the six counties are sometimes called, is a very extensive lace and linen industry seat. In County Down and County Antrim, high-grade deposits of granite and bauxite are being exploited. Shipbuilding was a significant industry centered in the Capital of Belfast.

In Scotland, the three well-marked divisions stand out, the highlands, the southern uplands, and between these two, the central lowlands, into which four-fifths of the population is crowded. The lowlands contain the most prosperous agricultural land, as well as the coalfields. They are penetrated by three great estuaries, the Firths of Tay and forth on the east and of Clyde on the west, so the communication coastwise or overseas is everywhere accessible. Scotland has some of the largest shipbuilding yards in the world on the Firth of Clyde. Sheep and cattle are raised in large numbers since the land is not well suited to agriculture.

The Welsh cliffy upland is flanked to the north and east by small coalfields, but the most significant field lies to the south. A belt of limestone running from Bill of Portland to Tees Bay, and bearing at many points valuable iron ores, serves as a rough boundary of industrial England, for to the south and east of it, apart from the metropolis, agricultural interests predominate. Lying to the west of the limestone band is the Devon-Cornwall peninsula, where great bosses of granite and slate form the famous moors. After 700 years as a part of the English kingdom, Wales retains its individuality and is nationalistic in speech, dress, and customs. The Welsh language is Celtic, akin to the Gaelic of Ireland. It is the only speech of nearly 1/10th of the people. The Channel Islands, lying across the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, and Scilly Islands, lying southwest of Land’s End, enjoy almost complete freedom from frost and severe weather. Coal was once the most crucial resource of the nation and, because of its nearness to ports, Great Britain has exported more coal than any other nation. Near the coalfields are extensive iron and limestone deposits, making central England a great iron-manufacturing district. Lead, copper, zinc, and tin are also mined, although the tin has been primarily worked out.

Most of Britain’s wealth is derived from exports, banking, and manufacturing. The heart of the manufacturing districts is in the vicinity of the old coal and iron fields. However, the manufacturing textiles exceeds that of Iron and steel products. London is the chief shipping point, with Liverpool ranking second as a seaport. Because of the density of population, Great Britain is far from self-sufficient and must depend upon raw materials and products of other countries. This has led to the development of her worldwide commerce, a large part of which is carried on by far-flung and numerous colonies.
Except for a few brief years, when the clipper ships of the Americans took the lead, Britain’s merchant marine has led the world in tonnage and number of vessels since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. As the principal carrier of the world’s goods, she has endeavored to maintain a navy that would give her command of the seas. But agriculture is rather intensive in the countryside, with much importance placed on livestock. Many of the world’s most valuable breeds of farm animals have been developed on English farms. This is exemplified by Guernsey, Shropshire, Jersey, Hereford, Hampshire, and Plymouth.

Republic of Ireland (Eire): Across the Irish sea is the island whose namesake is borne for the sea. Ireland, except for coastal hills and mountains, the country is primarily an ill drained plain dotted with lakes and peat bogs, crossed by the sluggish Shannon. In the southwest is the beautiful Killarney Lakes region, which attracts many tourists each year. Although little of the land is suitable for large-scale agriculture, grass and fodder crops are abundant and provide stock-raising needs, which is the country's primary industry: the Shannon River, an excellent inland waterway transportation system. Shannon airport, near Limerick, is a central international airway terminal. Horse-breeding is the most famous of Irish farm industries. A prosperous tourist trade developed. Conflict once plagued the Irish state as opponents to unionism sought to unify Ireland as one republic. The war ended with British integration and Irish integration into the European Community. However, fears of further border conflict are very much alive as the British have exited the European Union and thus left the free travel arrangements that were part of the union.

C.S. Hammond & Co.